Porang Glucomannan Supplementation Improves Lipid Profile in Metabolic Syndrome Induced Rats

Excessive calorie intake and lack of physical activity of sedentary lifestyle has been health problem in modern societies. Such lifestyle can trigger diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs). Complex risk factors for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) and diabetes mellitus type 2 are interrelated and often occur simultaneously known as Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)1. MetS has been a major health problem worldwide. It is estimated that 20-25 % of the world’s adult population have MetS2. In 2015, American Heart Association reported that the prevalence of MetS continues to increase globally3. Overall prevalence of MetS in the United States from the years 2003-2012 was estimated at 33%, with the higher prevalence in women than men (35.6% vs. Abstract

Similiarly, MetS prevalence according to the WHO definition of the MetS in seven European countries is estimated at 23% 6

. In several East and Southeast
Asian countries, the prevalence of MetS is estimated to be 10-30% 7 16

Material and Methods
In experimental study with pre and post test control group design, a total of thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats (±8 weeks old and ±150-200g body weigh), obtained and maintained in Centre for Food and Nutrition of Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta-Indonesia (Pusat Studi pangan dan Gizi Universitas Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta-Indonesia). A total of 30 rats were divided into 5 groups of 6 rat each: normal group (Normal), metabolic syndrome group (SM), metabolic syndrome group + 25 mg/200g BW porang glucomannan (GMP25), metabolic syndrome group + 50mg/200gBW porang glucomannan (GMP50), and metabolic syndrome group + 100mg/200gBW porang glucomannan (GMP100). Before the metabolic syndrome induction, all rats were acclimatized for 7 days. The 6 rats in normal group were fed only with a standard diet (AIN-93M pellet). While a total of 24 metabolic syndrome rats (SM group), GMP25, GMP50, and GMP 100 were fed with a standard diet (AIN-93M pellet ) + high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet using quail egg yolk and high-dosage of fructose as an inducer for metabolic syndrome for 21 days. The administration of diet performed ad libitum. After 21 days induction of metabolic syndrome, rats in GMP25, GMP50 and GMP100 group were supplemented with porang glucomannan at the dose of 25; 50; 100 mg/200gBW for the following 28 days. porang glucomannan with cold aquades solvent was orally administrated with the help of feeding tube. The approval of this study procedure was obtained from the Research Bioethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Agung Islamic University Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia (No. 290/IX/2017/Bioethics Commission).

Preparation of Porang Glucomannan
The porang glucomannan used in this study was purchased from CV. Nura Jaya Surabaya, Indonesia. The glucomannan was made from indiginous Indonesian Porang of species of Amorphophallus muelleri Blume. The concentration of the glucomannan from porang used in this study was 66.43% as shown in Table 1

The Evaluation of Metabolic Syndrome Parameters
The

The Mean Decrease in TC, TG, LDL and HDL Cholesterol Levels Before and After Porang Glucomannan Supplementation
After induction of MetS and before the administration of the treatment, measurement were underwent to determine whether the levels of TC, TG, LDL and HDL between the groups were comparable. Measurements also aimed to evaluate the successfullness of induction of MetS. One Way ANOVA test showed that there were no significant difference in the levels of TC, TG, LDL and HDL  (p> 0.05) for the SM group and GMP groups in day 22 (after induction of MetS) as shown in Table 2.
The results of this study were interesting, three of 4 variables of the study showed the same average of the decrease in sequence. The highest mean decrease in TC, TG, and LDL level were found in GMP 100, followed by GMP50 , GMP 25, and SM group. Normal group had the lowest mean decrease in TC, TG, and LDL level, as in the normal group was not induced with MetS diet. While the highest mean increase in HDL levels was found in GMP 100, followed by GMP50 , GMP 25, and SM group (Figure 1). The normal group had the lowest mean decrease in HDL, because normal group was not induced with MetS diet. The mean delta of TC, TG, LDL, and HDL were then analyzed with Kruskall Wallis test, resulting in significant difference between groups on all variables (p <0.05).

The Mean Levels of TC, TG, LDL, and HDL After Porang Glucomannan Supplementation
As shown in Table 2  Unlike the previous three parameters, the results of LSD Post Hoc test showed that HDL cholesterol levels in the normal group was significantly higher than the SM group and GMP groups. HDL levels in GMP100 group was significantly higher than GMP50 and GMP25 group, while the group GMP50 HDL levels significantly higher than those GMP25.
While the HDL level in the SM group significantly lower than normal group, GMP100, GMP50, and GMP25 ( Figure 2).