Azoospermia: Etiology, Diagnosis and Management
Authors
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Department of Reproductive Medicine, Chennai Fertility Centre and Research Institute, Chennai – 600029, Tamil Nadu ,IN
Thomas Vadingadu Munaswamy -
Department of Reproductive Medicine, Chennai Fertility Centre and Research Institute, Chennai – 600029, Tamil Nadu ,INKrishnavignesh Lakshmanan
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Department of Reproductive Medicine, Chennai Fertility Centre and Research Institute, Chennai – 600029, Tamil Nadu ,INShatakshi Kulshreshtha
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Department of Reproductive Medicine, Chennai Fertility Centre and Research Institute, Chennai – 600029, Tamil Nadu ,INSmisha Sridev
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Department of Reproductive Medicine, Chennai Fertility Centre and Research Institute, Chennai – 600029, Tamil Nadu ,INDeepa Onnarakatt
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Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manmohan IVF Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal ,NPChunumila Maharjan
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Department of Reproductive Medicine, Chennai Fertility Centre and Research Institute, Chennai – 600029, Tamil Nadu ,INAbinaya Ramkumar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18311/jer/2023/34263Keywords:
Azoospermia, Male Infertility, Non-obstructive Azoospermia (NOA), Obstructive Azoospermia (OA), Sperm, Sperm Retrieval (SR) Techniques.Abstract
Male infertility is on the rise over the past few years, and azoospermia is one of the most common causes. It has two primary subtypes: non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), where the spermatogenesis is hindered, and obstructive azoospermia (OA), when there appears to be a ductal obstruction while spermatogenesis is normal. Azoospermia is characterised by the absence of sperm in two or more ejaculates. Making the azoospermic man have his own biological child is now becoming a reality with the advent of TESE and ICSI procedures, followed by the latest advancements like the combination of imaging studies, Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography (FFOCT), stem cell therapy, platelet-rich plasma therapy, and gene therapy, which are emerging as newer tools for effective treatment. The key aim of this article is to highlight the concept of azoospermia and focus on its evaluation and management through present-day developments in andrology and medically assisted reproduction (MAR). A detailed literature review is performed through Pubmed, Science Direct, the Online Library, and Scopus.
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