A Comprehensive Review of the Health Benefits of Calcium and its Bioavailability from Different Leafy Vegetables

Jump To References Section

Authors

  • Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata – 700114, West Bengal ,IN
  • Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata – 700114, West Bengal ,IN

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2024/35621

Keywords:

Bioavailability, Calcium, Leafy Vegetables, Phytate, Vitamin D

Abstract

Calcium (Ca) is a beneficial mineral for maintaining different physiological activities and is involved in preventing several diseases in human beings. Regular dietary Ca intake is therefore essential. However, the quantity required varies with different age groups. Various leafy vegetables act as a good source of Ca but some natural or physiological factors like phytate and vitamin D may influence Ca absorption from the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) thereby affecting the bioavailability of Ca. Methods like boiling and fermentation can be used to increase the bioavailability of Ca. Understanding Ca bioavailability from leafy vegetables can therefore be helpful for a proper recommendation of dietary Ca supplementation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Downloads

Published

2024-07-31

How to Cite

Banerjee, D., & Saha, P. (2024). A Comprehensive Review of the Health Benefits of Calcium and its Bioavailability from Different Leafy Vegetables. Journal of Natural Remedies, 24(7), 1477–1486. https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2024/35621
Received 2023-11-22
Accepted 2024-04-16
Published 2024-07-31

 

References

Weaver CM, Proulx WR, Heaney RP. Choices for achieving adequate dietary calcium with a vegetarian diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70(3):543S-48S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/70.3.543s PMid:10479229.

Pravina P, Sayaji D, Avinash M. Calcium and its role in human body. Int J Res Pharm Biomed Sci.. 2013; 4(2):659-68.

Kumar D, Kumar S, Shekhar C. Nutritional components in green leafy vegetables: A review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2020; 9(5):2498-502.

Wawrzyniak N, Suliburska J. Nutritional and health factors affecting the bioavailability of calcium: a narrative review. Nutr Rev. 2021;7 9(12):1307-20. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa138 PMid:33491051.

Heaney RP, Saville PD, Recker RR. Calcium absorption as a function of calcium intake. J Lab Clin Med. 1975; 85(6):881-90.

Murphy EW, Williams GR. Hypocalcaemia. Med. 2009; 37(9):465-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2009.06.003

Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Gallagher JC, Gallo RL, Jones G, Kovacs CS. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96(1):53-8. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2704 PMid:21118827 PMCid: PMC3046611.

Palacios C. The role of nutrients in bone health, from A to Z. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006; 46(8):621-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390500466174 PMid:17092827.

Heaney RP. Calcium intake and disease prevention. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 50:685-93. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302006000400014 PMid:17117294.

Kenny A. Intestinal calcium absorption and its regulation. CRC Press; 2019; 43(1):162. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429275623-8 PMid:31555934.

Hoenderop JG, Nilius B, Bindels RJ. Calcium absorption across epithelia.Physiol Rev. 2005; 85(1):373-422. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00003.2004 PMid:15618484.

Itoh M, Furuse M, Morita K, Kubota K, Saitou M, Tsukita S. Direct binding of three tight junction-associated MAGUKs, ZO-1, ZO-2 and ZO-3, with the COOH termini of claudins. J Cell Biol. 1999; 147(6):1351-63. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.147.6.1351 PMid:10601346 PMCid: PMC2168087.

Van Abel M, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. The epithelial calcium channels TRPV5 and TRPV6: regulation and implications for disease. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2005; 371:295-306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-005-1021-2 PMid:15747113.

Den Dekker E, Hoenderop JG, Nilius B, Bindels RJ. The epithelial calcium channels, TRPV5 and TRPV6: from identification towards regulation. Cell calcium. 2003; 33(5-6):497-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-4160(03)00065-4 PMid:12765695.

Nijenhuis T, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. TRPV5 and TRPV6 in Ca 2+(re) absorption: regulating Ca 2+ entry at the gate. Pflugers Archiv. 2005; 451:181-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-005-1430-6 PMid:16044309.

Perez AV, Picotto G, Carpentieri AR, Rivoira MA, Peralta Lopez ME, Tolosa de Talamoni NG. Minireview on regulation of intestinal calcium absorption: emphasis on molecular mechanisms of transcellular pathway. Dig. 2008; 77(1):22-34. https://doi.org/10.1159/000116623 PMid:18277073.

Zhang J, Zhang Z, Yu A. Discussion on the mechanism of the calcium absorption in the human body. Chin Sci Bull. 2001; 46:1403-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03183399

Zoroddu MA, Aaseth J, Crisponi G, Medici S, Peana M, Nurchi VM. The essential metals for humans: a brief overview. J Inorg Biochem. 2019; 195:120-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013 PMid:30939379.

Sarkar T, Salauddin M, Roy S, Chakraborty R, Rebezov M, Shariati MA, Thiruvengadam M, Rengasamy KR. Underutilised green leafy vegetables: frontier in fortified food development and nutrition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022:1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2095555 PMid:35816152.

Shukla S, Bhargava A, Chatterjee A, Srivastava J, Singh N, Singh SP. Mineral profile and variability in vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor). Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2006; 61:21-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-006-0004-x PMid:16736385.

Linkon KM, Satter MA, Jabin SA, Abedin N, Islam MF, Lisa LA, Paul DK. Mineral and heavy metal contents of some vegetables available in local market of Dhaka city in Bangladesh. IOSR J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Food Technol. 2015; 9:01-6.

Pankaja N, Prakash J. Availability of calcium from kilkeerai (Amaranthus tricolor) and drumstick (Moringa oleifera) greens in weanling rats. Food/Nahrung. 1994; 38(2):199-203. https://doi.org/10.1002/food.19940380212 PMid:8196748.

Manivannan C, Viswanathan G, Sundaram KM. Calcium bioavailability in leafy vegetables and medicinal plants. Int J Health Sci. 2022; 6(S2):88. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS2.7303

Bhowmik S, Datta BK, Saha AK. Determination of mineral content and heavy metal content of some traditionally important aquatic plants of Tripura, India using atomic absorption spectroscopy. J Agric Technol. 2012; 8(4):1467-76.

Bhattacharjee S, Dasgupta P, Paul AR, Ghosal S, Padhi KK, Pandey LP. Mineral element composition of spinach. J Sci Food Agric. 1998; 77(4):456-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199808)77:4<456::AID-JSFA55>3.0.CO;2-M

Kaya I, Incekara N. Ingredients of some weeds consumed as food in the Aegean region.Turk. Herb Derg. 2000; 3(2):56-64.

Divrikli U, Saracoglu S, Soylak M, Elci L. Determination of trace heavy metal contents of green vegetable samples from Kayseri-Turkey by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Fresenius Environ Bull.2003; 12(8):813-18.

Bozokalfa MK, Yagmur B, Ascıogul TK, Esiyok D. Diversity in nutritional composition of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. L. var. cicla) accessions revealed by multivariate analysis. Plant Genet Resour. 2011; 9(4):557-66. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479262111000876

Yousif BS, Nguyen NT, Fukuda YA, Hakata H, Okamoto Y, Masaoka Y, Saneoka H. Effect of salinity on growth, mineral composition, photosynthesis and water relations of two vegetable crops; New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Int J Agric Biol. 2010; 12(2):211-6.

Kutu FR, Magongwa SM. Effect of pre-treatment and preservation methods on the nutritional quality of bottle gourd leaves from two different sources. Res Crop. 2017; 18(4):675. https://doi.org/10.5958/2348-7542.2017.00115.2

Zaid A, Mohammad F, Fariduddin Q. Plant growth regulators improve growth, photosynthesis, mineral nutrient and antioxidant system under cadmium stress in menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.). Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 2020; 26:25-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-019-00715-y PMid:32158118 PMCid: PMC7036404.

Sahito SR, Memon MA, Kazi TG, Kazi GH, Jakhrani MA, Haque QU, Shar GQ. Evaluation of mineral contents in medicinal plant Azadirachta indica (Neem). J Chem Soc Pakistan. 2003; 25(2):139-43.

Parnami M, Varma K. Nutritional composition of dried curry leaf powder (Murraya koenigii). Int J Emerg Technol Innov Res. 2019; 6(6):409-12.

Khazai N, Judd SE, Tangpricha V. Calcium and vitamin D: skeletal and extraskeletal health. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008; 10(2):110-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-008-0020-y PMid:18460265 PMCid: PMC2669834.

Fujita T, Fukase M, Baba H, Yamaguchi T, Takata S, Fujimi T, Nishikawa M, Nakamoto C. New actions of parathyroid hormone through its degradation. J Endocrinol Investig. 1992; 15(9 Suppl 6):121-7.

Schonfeldt HC, Pretorius B, Hall N. Bioavailability of nutrients. In: Caballero B, Finglas P, Toldra F, editors.Encyc. Food Health. 2016; 1:401-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00068-4

Gueguen L, Pointillart A. The bioavailability of dietary calcium. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000; 19(sup2):119S-36S. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2000.10718083 PMid:10759138.

Maresz K. Proper calcium use: vitamin K2 as a promoter of bone and cardiovascular health. Integr Med Clin J. 2015; 14(1):34.

Singh P, Prasad S. A review on iron, zinc and calcium biological significance and factors affecting their absorption and bioavailability. J Food Compos Anal. 2023; 123(2022):05529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105529

Moine L, Rivoira M, de Barboza GD, Pérez A, de Talamoni NT. Glutathione-depleting drugs, antioxidants and intestinal calcium absorption. World J Gastroenterol. 2018; 24(44):4979-88. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v24.i44.4979 PMid:30510373 PMCid: PMC6262252.

Bishnoi S, Khetarpaul N, Yadav RK. Effect of domestic processing and cooking methods on phytic acid and polyphenol contents of pea cultivars (Pisum sativum). Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1994; 45:381-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01088088 PMid:7971780.

Chai W, Liebman M. Effect of different cooking methods on vegetable oxalate content. J Agric Food Chem. 2005; 53(8):3027-30. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048128d PMid:15826055.

Amalraj A, Pius A. Bioavailability of calcium and its absorption inhibitors in raw and cooked green leafy vegetables commonly consumed in India- an in vitro study. Food Chem. 2015; 170:430-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.031 PMid:25306367.

Judprasong K, Charoenkiatkul S, Sungpuag P, Vasanachitt K, Nakjamanong Y. Total and soluble oxalate contents in Thai vegetables, cereal grains and legume seeds and their changes after cooking. J Food Compos Anal. 2006; 19(4):340-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.04.002

Lopez Y, Gordon DT, Fields ML. Release of phosphorus from phytate by natural lactic acid fermentation. J Food Sci. 1983; 48(3):953-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb14938.x

Dai J, Tao L, Shi C, Yang S, Li D, Sheng J, Tian Y. Fermentation improves calcium bioavailability in Moringa oleifera leaves and prevents bone Loss in calcium‐deficient rats. Food Sci Nutr. 2020; 8(7):3692-703. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1653 PMid:32724632 PMCid: PMC7382168.

Gupta S, Lakshmi A J, Prakash J. In vitro bioavailability of calcium and iron from selected green leafy vegetables. J Sci Food Agric. 2006; 86(13):2147-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2589

Manivannan C, Viswanathan G, Sundaram KM. Calcium bioavailability in leafy vegetables and medicinal plants. Int J Health Sci. 2022; 6(S2):88. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS2.7303

Tabekhia MM, RB T, El Mahdy AR. Effect Of Egyptian cooking methods on total, free oxalates and mineral contents of two leafy, green vegetables (Jews Mellow And Purslane).Nutr Rep Int. 1978; 18: 611-17.

Lucarini M, Canali R, Cappelloni M, Di Lullo G, Lombardi-Boccia G. In vitro calcium availability from brassica vegetables (Brassica oleracea L.) and as consumed in composite dishes. Food Chem. 1999; 64:519-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00159-9

Gibney M, Sandström B. A framework for food-based dietary guidelines in the European Union. Public Health Nutr. 2001; 4(2a):293-305. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980001001550. PMid:11688435.

Hazell T. Minerals in foods: dietary sources, chemical forms, interactions, bioavailability. Minerals Food Nutr Top. 1985; 46:1-23. https://doi.org/10.1159/000411649 PMid:3909658.

Kala A, Prakash J. Nutrient composition and sensory profile of differently cooked green leafy vegetables. Int J Food Prop. 2004; 7(3):659-69. https://doi.org/10.1081/JFP-200033079

Kamchan A, Puwastien P, Sirichakwal PP, Kongkachuichai R. In vitro calcium bioavailability of vegetables, legumes and seeds. J Food Compos Anal. 2004; 17(3-4):311-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2004.03.002

Ramirez Moreno E, Marques CD, Sanchez Mata MC, Goni I. In vitro calcium bioaccessibility in raw and cooked cladodes of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller). LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2011; 44(7):1611-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2011.01.001

Pomeranz Y, Meloan CE. Food analysis: theory and practice. Springer Sci and Bus Media; 2013; 42(3):354-8.