Obesity and Overweight Associated Blood Lipid, Haemoglobin and Blood Pressure Dynamics in School Children: A Cross Sectional Study from Kerala, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21048/ijnd.2020.57.3.25123Keywords:
Obesity, School Children, Lipid Profile, Cholesterol, Systolic BP, Diastolic BP.Abstract
The study was carried out to determine the change in bio chemical parameters with the incidence of obesity among school children aged 7 to 12 years. Sample size consisted of 200 children, with 100 each respectively from obese and normal weight children. Childhood obesity was related with lipid levels which in turn is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. The mean values of haemoglobin and blood pressure increased with body weight for both boys and girls. A positive correlation between biochemical parameters such as serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, HDL, haemoglobin, blood pressure and obesity was observed. The study also made an attempt to derive at regression equations by determining the correlation between blood lipid profile vs obesity and blood pressure vs obesity. The predictive index for childhood obesity was formulated for both boys and girls based on the biochemical parameters. For boys it is y = 10.4 + 0.169x1 + 0.90x2 + 0.278x3 – 0.015x4 + 0.2x5 – 0.831x6 – 4.18x7 and for girls it was derived as is y = – 20.0 + 0.006x1 + 0.149x2 – 0.06x3 + 0.067x4 + 0.133x5 – 0.001x6 , Where, x1 – Serum cholesterol, x2 - Serum TG, x3 - HDL, x4 – LDL, x5 – Systolic BP, x6 – Diastolic BP and x7 – VLDL.Downloads
Metrics
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All the articles published in IJND are distributed under a creative commons license. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright of their work (all usages allowed except for commercial purpose).
Please contact us at [email protected] for permissions related to commercial use of the article(s).
Accepted 2020-06-17
Published 2020-07-30
References
Nyberg, S.T., Batty, G.D., Pentti, J., Virtanen, M., Alfredsson, L., Fransson, E.I., Goldberg, M., Heikkilä, K., Jokela, M., Knutsson, A., Koskenvuo, M., Lallukka, T., Leineweber, C., Lindbohm, J.V., Madsen, I.E.H., Hanson, L.L., Nordin, M., Oksanen, T., Pietiläinen, O. and Rahkonen, O. Obesity and loss of disease-free years owing to major non-communicable diseases: A multi-cohort study. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2017, 18, 2005-2010.
Bharati, D.R., Deshmukh, P.R. and Garg, B.S. Correlates of overweight and obesity among scholl going children of Wardha city, Central India. Ind. J. Med. Res., 2008, 127, 539-543.
Nethan, S., Sinha, D. and Mehrotra, R. Non communicable disease risk factors and their trends in India. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 2017, 18, 2005-2010.
Abate, N. Obesity and cardiovascular disease, Pathogenetic role of the metabolic syndrome and therapeutic implications. J. Diabet. Complicat., 2000, 14, 154-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1056-8727(00)00067-2
Sharma, A.K., Metzger, D.L. and Rodd, C.J. Prevalence and severity of high blood pressure among children based on the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines. JAMA Pediat., 2018, 172, 557-565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0223
Allian, C.C. Clinical Chemistry, William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd. London, 1995, p. 470.
Werner, M., Gabreelson, D.G. and Eastman, G. Clinical Chemistry, William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd., London, 1981, pp. 268.
NCEP, National Cholesterol Education Programme, Expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Circula., 2002, 106, 3143-3421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/circ.106.25.3143
Friedewald, W.T., Levy, R.I. and Federickson, D. Estimation of the concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use of the preparative ultra centrifugation. Clin. Chem., 1972, 18, 499-502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499
NIN, National Institute of Nutrition, A Manual of Laboratory Techniques (Eds.), Raghuramalu, N., Nair, K.M. and Kalyansundaram, S., Hyderabad, India, 1983, pp. 180-184.
Hickman, T.B., Brefel, R.R., Margaret, D. and Johnson, P.S.H. Distribution and trends of serum lipid levels among children and adolescents ages 4-19 years. Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination surveys. 2002, p.132.
Chu, N.F., Rimm, E.B., Wang, D.J., Liou, H.S. and Shieh, S.M. Clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors among obese school children: the Taipei children heart study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1998, 67, 1141-1146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/67.6.1141
Hajri, T., Johnson, B., Talishinskiy, T., Mazpule, G., Ewing, D. and Eld, S. Obesity is associated with increased expression of very low density lipoprotein receptor in adipose tissue: A possible link to increased VLDL catabolism and adiposity, FACEB J., 2017, 31, 1.
Garce´s, C., Gutierrez-guisado, J., Benavente, M., Cano, B., Viturro, E., Ortega, H. and Manuel, D.O. Obesity in Spanish school children: relationship with lipid profile and insulin resistance. Obesity Res., 2005, 13, 959-963. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.111
Raj, M. Obesity and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents. Ind. J. Endocrinol. Metab., 2012, 16, 13-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.91176
Sinha, R., Fisch, G. and Teague, B. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. New Engl. J. Med., 2002, 346, 802-810. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012578
Freedman, D.S., Khan, L.K., Dietz, W.H., Srinivasan, S.R. and Berenson, G.S. Relationship of childhood obesity to coronary heart disease risk factors in adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediat., 2001, 108, 712- 718. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.3.712
Brady, T. M. Obesity-related hypertension in children. Front. Pediat., 2017, 25, 197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2017.00197
Sinaiko, A.R., Jacobs, D.R. Jr. and Steinberger, J. Insulin resistance syndrome in childhood: associations of the glycemic insulin clamp and fasting insulin with fatness and other risk factors. J. Pediat., 2001, 139, 700-707. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2001.118535
Young-Hyman, D., Schlundt, D.G., De Luca, F. and Counts, D. Evaluation of the insulin resistance syndrome in 5- to 10-year old overweight/obese African-American children. Diabet. Care, 2001, 24, 1359-1364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.8.1359
Raj, M., Sundaram, K.R., Paul, M., Deepa, A.S. and Krishnakumar, R. Obesity in Indian children: Time, trends and relationship with hypertension. Nat. Med. J. India, 2007, 20, 288-293.
Srinivasan, S.R., Bao, W., Wattigney, W.A. and Berenson, G.S. Adolescent overweight is associated with adult overweight and related multiple cardiovascular risk factors: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Metabol., 1996, 45, 235-240.
Field, A.E., Nancy, R.C., and Matthew, W.G. Weight status in childhood as a predictor of becoming overweight or hypertensive in early adulthood. Obesity Res., 2005, 13, 163-169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.21
Gillman, M.W. and Cook, N.R. Blood pressure measurement in childhood epidemiological studies. Circulat., 1995, 92, 1049-1057. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.92.4.1049
Wang, Y. and Lobstein, T. Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. Int. J. Pediat. Obesity, 2006, 1, 11-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17477160600586747
Ming, L., Dibley, M.J., Sibbritt, D. and Yan, H. An assessment of adolescent overweight and obesity in Xi' an City China. Int. J. Pediat. Obesity, 2009, 1, 50-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17477160500538046
Berns, M.A., deVries, J.H. and Katan, M.B. Increase in body fatness as a major determinant of changes in serum total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in young men over a 10-year period. Am. J. Epidemiol., 1989, 130, 1109-1122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115438
Daniels, S.R., Morrison, J.A., Sprecher, D.L., Khoury P. and Kimball, T.R. Association of body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. Circulat., 1999, 99, 541-545. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.4.541
Haarbo, J., Hassager, C., Schlemer, A. and Christiansen, C. Influence of smoking, body fat distribution and alcohol consumption on serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in early postmenopausal women. Atheroscler., 1990, 84, 239-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(90)90096-2
Haarbo, J., Hassager, C., Riis, B.J. and Christensen, C. Relation of body fat distribution to serum lipids and lipoproteins in elderly women. Atheroscler., 1989, 80, 57-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(89)90068-3
Lauer, R.M. and Clarke, W.R. Childhood risk factors for high adult blood pressure: The Muscatine Study. Pediat., 1989, 84, 633-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.4.633
Srinivasan, S.R., Bao, W., Wattigney, W.A. and Berenson, G.S. Adolescent overweight is associated with adult overweight and related multiple cardiovascular risk factors: The Bogalusa heart study. Metabol., 1996, 45, 235-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0495(96)90060-8
Higgins, P.B., Gower, B.A., Hunter, G.R. and Goran, M.I. Defining health-related obesity in pre-pubertal children. Obesity Res., 2001, 9, 233-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2001.27
Garce´s, C., Benavente, M. and Ortega, H. Influence of birth weight on the Apo E genetic determinants of plasma lipid levels in children. Pediat. Res., 2002, 52, 873-878. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200212000-00011
Wattigney, W.A., Harsha, D.W., Srinivasan, S.R., Webber, L.S. and Berenson, G.S. Increasing impact of obesity on serum lipids and lipoproteins in young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Arch. Int. Med., 1991, 151, 2017-2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.151.10.2017
Ronnemaa, T., Knip, M., and Lautala, P. Serum insulin and other cardiovascular risk indicators in children, adolescents and young adults. Ann. Inter. Med., 1991, 23, 67-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/07853899109147933
Matthews, D.R., Hosker, J.P., Rudenski, A.S., Naylor, B.A., Treacher, D.F. and Turner, R.C., Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetol., 1985, 28, 412-419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00280883
WHO, World Health Organisation, 1987, Nutrition Monitoring and Assessment, Eds., Gopaldas, T. and Seshadri, S., Oxford University press, pp. 105.
National High Blood Pressure Education Programme Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediat., 2004, 114, 555-576. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.S2.555